Resumen: Se ha demostrado que la variabilidad de la relación marginal capital producto es la que determina la tasa de crecimiento de las economías según el modelo de Harrod, por ello, es importante predecir su comportamiento. Este trabajo desarrolla una metodología basada en la caminata al azar probabilista para predecir la relación marginal capital producto anual de Colombia para el 2017 con base en la información de la base de datos Penn World Table desde 1993 hasta 2016. Se encontró que esta variable posee órdenes matemáticos subyacentes, lo que permite su predicción con una precisión del 97,69%.

Abstract: It has been shown that the variability of the marginal capital product ratio is what determines the growth rate of economies according to Harrod’s model; therefore, it is important to predict its behavior. This paper develops a methodology based on probabilistic random walk to predict the annual marginal capital product ratio of Colombia for the year 2017 based on information from the Penn World Table database from 1993 to 2016. It was found that this variable has underlying mathematical orders, which allows its prediction with an accuracy of 97.69%.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar los cambios en la resistencia a los antibióticos de ocho de las combinaciones de fármacos y agentes patógenos incluidos en la lista prioritaria de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el consumo de seis antibióticos (ceftriaxona, cefepima, piperacilina/tazobactam, meropenem, ciprofloxacina, vancomicina) antes de la pandemia de COVID-19 (de marzo del 2018 a julio del 2019) y durante la pandemia (de marzo del 2020 a julio del 2021) en 31 hospitales del Valle del Cauca (Colombia). Métodos. En este estudio se analiza el antes y el después empleando datos recopilados de forma rutinaria. Para el consumo de antibióticos, se compararon las dosis diarias definidas (DDD) por 100 días-cama. Resultados. Hubo 23 405 cepas bacterianas aisladas prioritarias con datos sobre la resistencia a los antibióticos. El número total de cepas aisladas aumentó de 9 774 antes de la pandemia a 13 631 durante la pandemia. Si bien la resistencia disminuyó significativamente en las cuatro combinaciones seleccionadas de agentes patógenos y fármacos (Klebsiella pneumoniae, productora de betalactamasa de espectro extendido [BLEE], de 32% a 24%; K. pneumoniae, resistente a los carbapenémicos, de 4% a 2%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistente a los carbapenémicos, de 12% a 8%; Acinetobacter baumannii, resistente a los carbapenémicos, de 23% a 9%), el nivel de resistencia de Enterococcus faecium a la vancomicina aumentó significativamente (de 42% a 57%). No hubo cambios en la resistencia en las tres combinaciones restantes (Staphylococcus aureus, resistente a la meticilina; Escherichia coli, productora de BLEE; E. coli, resistente a los carbapenémicos). El consumo de todos los antibióticos aumentó. Sin embargo, el consumo de meropenem disminuyó en los entornos de las unidades de cuidados intensivos (de 8,2 a 7,1 DDD por 100 días-cama). Conclusiones. Aunque el consumo de antibióticos aumentó, se observó una disminución en la resistencia a los antibióticos de cuatro combinaciones de agentes patógenos y medicamentos durante la pandemia, que posiblemente se debió a un aumento en las infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad. Es necesario vigilar el aumento de la resistencia de E. faecium a la vancomicina. Los resultados de este estudio son esenciales para que sirvan de orientación en los programas de optimización del uso de los antibióticos en los entornos hospitalarios de Colombia y en contextos similares en otros lugares.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar as mudanças na resistência a antibióticos em oito das combinações microrganismo/antimicrobiano prioritárias da Organização Mundial da Saúde e o consumo de seis antibióticos (ceftriaxona, cefepima, piperacilina/tazobactam, meropeném, ciprofloxacino, vancomicina) antes (março de 2018 a julho de 2019) e durante (março de 2020 a julho de 2021) a pandemia de COVID-19 em 31 hospitais em Valle del Cauca, Colômbia. Métodos. Este foi um estudo antes/depois utilizando dados coletados rotineiramente. Para avaliar o consumo de antibióticos, foram comparadas doses diárias definidas (DDD) por 100 leitos-dias. Resultados. Havia dados sobre resistência a antibióticos para 23.405 isolados bacterianos prioritários. O número total de isolados aumentou de 9.774 para 13.631 antes e durante a pandemia, respectivamente. Embora a resistência tenha diminuído significativamente para quatro das combinações microrganismo/antimicrobiano selecionadas (Klebsiella pneumoniae, produtora de betalactamase de espectro estendido [ESBL], 32% a 24%; K. pneumoniae, resistente a carbapenêmicos, 4% a 2%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistente a carbapenêmicos, 12% a 8%; Acinetobacter baumannii, resistente a carbapenêmicos, 23% a 9%), o nível de resistência de Enterococcus faecium a vancomicina aumentou significativamente (42% a 57%). Não houve mudança na resistência para as três combinações restantes (Staphylococcus aureus, resistente a meticilina; Escherichia coli, produtora de ESBL; E. coli, resistente a carbapenêmicos). O consumo de todos os antibióticos aumentou. Entretanto, o consumo de meropeném nas unidades de terapia intensiva diminuiu (de 8,2 para 7,1 DDD por 100 leitos-dias). Conclusões. Embora o consumo de antibióticos tenha aumentado, observou-se uma diminuição na resistência a antibióticos de quatro combinações microrganismo/antimicrobiano durante a pandemia. Isso ocorreu possivelmente devido a um aumento nas infecções adquiridas na comunidade. O aumento da resistência de E. faecium à vancomicina deve ser monitorado. Os achados deste estudo são essenciais para guiar os programas de gerenciamento de antimicrobianos em ambientes hospitalares da Colômbia e em outros contextos similares.

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess changes in antibiotic resistance of eight of the World Health Organization priority bug-drug combinations and consumption of six antibiotics (ceftriaxone, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin) before (March 2018 to July 2019) and during (March 2020 to July 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic in 31 hospitals in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Methods. This was a before/after study using routinely collected data. For antibiotic consumption, daily defined doses (DDD) per 100 bed-days were compared. Results. There were 23 405 priority bacterial isolates with data on antibiotic resistance. The total number of isolates increased from 9 774 to 13 631 in the periods before and during the pandemic, respectively. While resistance significantly decreased for four selected bug-drug combinations (Klebsiella pneumoniae, extended spectrum beta lactamase [ESBL]-producing, 32% to 24%; K. pneumoniae, carbapenem-resistant, 4% to 2%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-resistant, 12% to 8%; Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem-resistant, 23% to 9%), the level of resistance for Enterococcus faecium to vancomycin significantly increased (42% to 57%). There was no change in resistance for the remaining three combinations (Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant; Escherichia coli, ESBL-producing; E. coli, carbapenem-resistant). Consumption of all antibiotics increased. However, meropenem consumption decreased in intensive care unit settings (8.2 to 7.1 DDD per 100 bed-days). Conclusions. While the consumption of antibiotics increased, a decrease in antibiotic resistance of four bug-drug combinations was observed during the pandemic. This was possibly due to an increase in community-acquired infections. Increasing resistance of E. faecium to vancomycin must be monitored. The findings of this study are essential to inform stewardship programs in hospital settings of Colombia and similar contexts elsewhere.

Eratyrus mucronatus, es un vector secundario de la enfermedad de Chagas con reportes de domiciliación en Colombia y Venezuela; los pocos estudios realizados muestran que en condiciones de laboratorio tiene bajos porcentajes de eclosión y altas tasas de mortalidad en su ciclo de vida. El fin de este trabajo fue establecer estadísticos vitales de esta especie para su cría en laboratorio. Se utilizó una cepa de laboratorio de E. mucronatus y se realizaron bioensayos para: estimar tiempos de desarrollo ninfal, comparar la eclosión en diferentes condiciones ambientales y comparar la fecundidad usando dos fuentes de alimentación y varios tipos de soporte. El tiempo promedio de desarrollo desde huevo hasta adulto fue de 127,6 días, con una tasa de supervivencia de 67,4% y probabilidades de morir en los estadios huevo de 0,2 y ninfa I de 0,16. Sesenta hembras semanalmente ovipusieron 744,5±120,77, con tasas de oviposición diaria por hembra de 1,19-2,69. Las tasas de eclosión más altas (80%) se obtuvieron en condiciones de temperatura de 24-25°C y humedad relativa de 65%. La fecundidad usando dos fuentes de alimentación y varios tipos de soporte, no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Se aportan datos para conocer estadísticos vitales como la duración del ciclo de vida, fecundidad y fertilidad de E. mucronatus, una especie de creciente importancia epidemiológica.

Eratyrus mucronatus is a secondary vector of Chagas disease with domicilary reports in Colombia and Venezuela. There are few studies in this specie and show under laboratory conditions low hatching rates and high mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to establish conditions that will improve the fertility of this species for laboratory rearing. A laboratory colony of E. mucronatus was used and bioassays were conducted to: estimate nymphal development times, compare hatching in different environmental conditions and compare fertility using two food sources and various types of support. The average development time from egg to adult was 127.6 days, with a survival rate of 67.4 %; egg mortality was 20% and that of nymph I 16%. 60 females produced 744.5 ± 120.77 eggs weekly, and the daily oviposition rate per female was 1.19 to 2.69. The best hatching rates (80 %) were obtained in stable conditions of temperature and relative humidity (65%). The fecundity differences using two food sources and various types of support, showed no statistical significance. The present study reports data useful for knowing vital statistics such as the cycle of life, fecundity, fertility and population dynamics of Triatominae species, especially those anthropophilic or suspected of invading the home environment, it is important to assess their potential for colonization capacity as well as in studies where the use of a large number of nymphs is required.

A 22-year-old pregnant woman was seen at 14 weeks of pregnancy for infective endocarditis with a vegetation of 15 mm and wide mobility, which affected the native mitral valve accompanied by severe valvular insufficiency. Antibiotic treatment was given for 4 weeks despite the embolism risk. Due to persistence of vegetation size and after considering the fetal and maternal risk, the surgical procedure was favored. We decided to perform valvuloplasty and removal of lesion at 18 weeks of pregnancy. Fetal protection techniques were used and a bioprosthesis was placed before attempting a repair. The postoperative follow-up was satisfactory, achieving a successful birth by cesarean section at 30 weeks.

Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 22 años de edad con embarazo de 14 semanas y endocarditis infecciosa de válvula mitral nativa con una vegetación de 15 mm con amplia movilidad, acompañada de insuficiencia valvular severa. Inicialmente, y pese al riesgo embolígeno, se dio tratamiento antibiótico durante 4 semanas. Por persistencia del tamaño de la vegetación se decide llevar a cirugía para reparación mitral y remoción de la lesión en la semana 18 de gestación, considerando que el balance entre el riesgo fetal y materno estaba a favor del procedimiento quirúrgico. Se usaron técnicas de protección fetal intraoperatoria y se colocó una prótesis biológica previo intento de reparación. La evolución postintervención fue satisfactoria, lográndose parto por cesárea a las 30 semanas.

The application of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a tool for the rapid determination of pulp yield and basic density of Eucalyptus globulus wood is described. Previously, we had examined these properties using mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. More precise results were obtained based on NIR spectra where the calibrations models were more robust and better predictors than obtained for the MIR spectra. Twenty-seven samples were used for establishing the correlations (calibration) and three for making predictions based on the calibration (validation). Quant+ chemometrics software was used to obtain the calibration and prediction through principal components regression (PCR). A PCR model based on NIR spectra gave fits with a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 14.3 kg m-3 and 1.57% for basic density and pulping yield, respectively. Using PCR-MIR, the SEP values obtained were 21.44 kg m-3 and 1.73%. The method readily predicts yield (correlation coefficient: R²= 0.51), and density (correlation coefficient: R² = 0.94) from spectral NIR measurement. Both NIR and MIR performed better in the analysis of the density property than for the pulp yield of the hardwood samples

This paper shows the assembly of an ozonization system to be used in laboratory scale, mainly to study effluent treatability. The system is simple, practical and provides easy acquisition of data when interfaced to a microcomputer. The performance of ozone generation and K La values are also described.